Oppressive Government Essay

As people we have shared key needs. Accept individual endurance for instance. To address this issue we should guarantee our security from the savagery of one another and from the viciousness of individuals who are not individuals from our general public. The instrument to serve . . . this . . . objective is an administration. Since I concur with Thomas Attig, I should attest the subject that Ëœan severe government is more alluring than no legislature. Before I proceed, Id like to characterize a couple of key terms in the point. [All definitions are from American Heritage.] Severe is characterized as treacherous or hard to manage. Government is the activity of expert in a political unit. Alluring is characterized as worth having or looking for, as by being valuable or favorable. Since the point requests that we assess the most attractive circumstance for humankind, my Value Premise is Individual Welfare. So as to accomplish singular government assistance, my models are 1)The conservation of social request 2)The satisfaction of crucial needs. The main manner by which to guarantee singular government assistance is to keep up cultural dependability while simultaneously securing the person. My first conflict is that a harsh government is more alluring than no legislature since government, in any structure, gives certain points of interest that are outlandish for the condition of nature to give. (1)First of every one of the, a legislature furnishes people with outside security. At the end of the day, the simple presence of a legislature takes into consideration society in general to have a safeguard system against remote forces since a government must give such security so as to protect itself. The nonappearance of a legislature, be that as it may, would leave people helpless from outside aggressors. Any legislature, harsh or not, accommodates this essential outer security, which is an essential to making sure about central needs. (2)Secondly, government has the capacity to keep up request inside society. As Austin Fagothey states ËœAnarchists feel that society can get along without power, however this assessment is excessively idealistic; for what is socially bravo isn't known similarly for all; advantages and weights must be dispersed to all, and somebody must pick among different methods the ones to be helpfully utilized. Hence regardless of whether an administration is abusive, it despite everything goes about as an implementation component by controlling communication among people and keeping them from infringing on every others rights, in this manner making sure about a more prominent level of opportunity for people. George Crowder agrees that ËœGovernment can make sure about a zone of free decision by persuasively keeping others from infringing upon it. Interestingly, the condition of nature does not have this normal appointed authority to settle debates and is along these lines never-endingly shaky for people. Regardless of whether some request exists without government, it can't be kept up for any critical timeframe in light of the fact that contentions will unavoidably happen over limited assets. Along these lines severe governments accommodate the security of principal needs that people need the condition of nature because of the absence of mediation. (3)Third, people are commonly ensured a negligible assurance of life under a severe government. Harsh governments are not essentially worried about removing life in light of the fact that by deliberately executing the entirety of their subjects, such governments would be reducing their own capacity. A. John Simmons concurs that Ëœthe endeavor to get another in ones force shows definitely a goal not to execute yet rather just to control or utilize another here and there . . .. [This attempt] shows a structure just on their opportunity, no way on earth (since [individuals] are valueless without their lives). Albeit severe governments have been known to damage life in specific examples, people can maintain a strategic distance from such oppression by not taking a stand in opposition to the legislature. In this manner people in any event know how to secure their rights under abuse while in the condition of nature, no such strategy to ensure rights exists. Severe frameworks accordingly by and large guarantee security of life since people realize how to keep away from any legislative infringements. Along these lines society under a severe government is progressively attractive on the grounds that it guarantees a base assurance of rights that the negative can not the slightest bit guarantee. My subsequent conflict is that a harsh government is more attractive than no legislature since society with an abusive government is increasingly helpful for change. On the off chance that we look at the point, mistreatment will happen on the two sides. In this way its imperative to gauge the dangers in question. (1)First of every one of the, a harsh framework has increasingly potential for change. Under an abusive government, all people know who their shared adversary is, and they know about the starting point of the danger to their freedom. Basically due to this mindfulness, people can join all the more viably against this one solidification of intensity. Vicente Medina clarifies that in a harsh government, Ëœwe would have the option to interest those [established] rules without coming about to brutality, though under a revolutionary situation the genuine danger of savagery would sabotage the improvement of a moral and legitimate network, and thus the advancement of our ethical limits. [Moreover, the abuse summoned by a legislature might be just short term.] Thus progressively potential for change exists under a harsh government since it would be a lot simpler to change the current framework than it is make an altogether new framework. (2)(2) Secondly, the condition of nature, conversely, has progressively potential for persecution. The nonappearance of a legislature takes into account clashes to exist on numerous levels. People, gatherings, and associations would continually be engaged with assortment of battles, and each gathering would be competing for its own childish advantages. The condition of nature is in this way described by an absence of solidarity. Since people are so isolated in this condition of nature, it turns out to be for all intents and purposes difficult to join together and accomplish an agreement on setting up an administration. Consequently the absence of unification impedes the quest for setting up a fair framework. People needs and the social structure are along these lines best secured under a harsh government, which has a more noteworthy opportunities for change, thusly guaranteeing an extraordinary level of individual government assistance.

Pledge of Allegiance: A Perfect Symbol of Hypocrisy Essay -- American

Each morning more than 75 million understudies around the country present the Pledge of Allegiance verbatim (Digest of Education Statistics). In the event that one approaches one of these understudies and gets some information about the importance and the cause of this promise, what might they say? Nothing. Be that as it may, despite the fact that in excess of a million understudies recount these words each day, not the greater part presumably know the genuine significance behind these words. One can't deny the way that the majority of these kids simply need to get this vow â€Å"over with† to keep conversing with their companions. The Pledge of Allegiance has experienced a few changes since Francis Bellamy, a Baptist serve, composed it in 1892. The promise goes about as a wellspring of energy, national pride and contention. The announcement, â€Å"under God† has caused a lot of contention and has made an unmistakable line between the supporters and non supporters of th e promise. America, which broadly furnishes one with genuine uniformity, amusingly has a promise that conflicts with its tenet and establishments. The progressions that happen during the time to the promise that outcomes in its evident debate and losing esteem. The alterations lead to the pledge’s irrefutable equivocalness and the country ought to return to its past 1924 promise. Consistently, while confronting the banner, American understudies display their unwaveringness to the nation by recounting the Pledge of Allegiance. Written in 1892, during the 400th festival of Columbus Day, the promise utilized in â€Å"ceremonies that would finish in raising of the flag† (Pledge of Allegiance). The making of the vow came about because of one sole occasion, the Civil War. Prior to the American Civil War of 1861, the American banner used to be an uncommon sight for some individuals. The Civil War brought about the ascent of nationalism an... ...ual. Baer, John. The Pledge of Allegiance, A Centennial History, 1892 - 1992, Annapolis, Md. Free State Press, Inc., 1992. The Pledge of Allegiance. The Pledge of Allegiance. Aug. 17 2006: n.p. SIRS Government Reporter. Web. 02 Apr 2012. Demar, Gary. The Pledge of Allegiance Goes to Trial. American Vision. N.p., 04/10/2005. Web. 27 March 2012. Nunberg, Geoffrey. I Pledge Allegiance To Linguistic Obfuscation. npr.org. npr, 30/03/2010. Web. 1 Apr 2012. US. U.S. Division of Veteran Affairs. Vow of Allegiance. VA: , Web. Kline, Austin, â€Å"Defending ‘under God’ in the Pledge of Allegiance,† posted on the â€Å"About† site, March 30th, 2004, Drey, Riley. Misinformed Patriotism and the Pledge of Allegiance. LDS Liberty. Riley Drey, 24/11/2010. Web. 24 March 2012. Nunberg, Geoffrey. Email Interview. 3/4/2012.

Sustainability of Renewable Sources of Energy in Australia

Question: Talk about the Sustainability of Renewable Sources of Energy in Australia. Answer: Presentation Manageability is made out of two words, support and capacity. Mix of the two features the capacity of the organizations and associations to save the assets for the satisfaction of the requirements of things to come age. Diving profound into the inward substance of the term maintainability, it presents the group of people yet to come with quality items for the satisfaction of their fundamental needs (Mowforth and Munt 2015 p.56). The significant drive behind this is the prudent usage of the hierarchical assets by the work force. Cognizant methodology towards the guideline of waste outflow is itself a specialist for the accomplishment of practical development, which improves the notoriety of the organizations and associations. This paper endeavors to conjecture the measures received by the organizations and associations to accomplish reasonable development. In this, the reference of Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd demonstrates suitable (Cfcl.com.au 2017). This is as far as building up pertinence with the prerequisites of the paper. The inside and out conversation of the parts of maintainability in the article group upgrades the biased information on the perusers with respect to the conservation of the environmental biodiversity. Sustainable wellsprings of vitality have a significant impact in safeguarding the environmental decent variety. Thinking of it as an underhanded issue mirrors an alternate mindset, which repudiates the prefix reestablish in the kind of the vitality (Markard, Raven and Truffer 2012 p.960). This inconsistency discredits the methodology towards the conservation of the biological biodiversity, which goes about as a deviation from the prerequisites of the exposition. Countering this, introduction of cognizance towards protection of the greenery in the ecological climate builds up pertinence with the suggestions of the exposition. Reusing of the waste items can be associated with the expression sustainable, which goes about as an average case of this awareness (Moldan, Janoukov and Hk 2012 p.11). Connection of the idea of manageability in this specific circumstance, foundation of the reality with respect to reusing of the waste materials increases the value of the usefulness of the Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd. The reference to an association improves the lucidity of the perusers towards understanding the available resources through which the wellsprings of vitality is reused for giving creative items to the open area (McKinno et al., 2015, p.123). Thus, lays the fittingness of the ensuing sections, which sees supportability from the social, monetary and natural parameters. Manageability alludes to the continuance of procedures and frameworks. Supportability is a socio-biological and monetary procedure with a quest for basic perfect. A perfect is normally unreachable in a given existence. Be that as it may, a reasonable framework is accomplished by progressively and constantly moving toward it (Wang et al., 2015 p.1631). In environment, the sound woodlands and wetlands are instances of a supportable natural framework. A solid situation is essential for the endurance of people and different species, which is a significant test. Manageability is likewise a social test which incorporates national and worldwide laws, moral industrialism, urban arranging and the evolving way of life (Epstein and Buhovac 2014 p.234). Ecological corruption, populace development, climatic changes and boundless development of economy in a shut framework has scrutinized the significance of manageability. The economy, society and nature structure the three mainstays of maintainability. These three columns are related on one another and none of them can exist without the others. Practical improvement can be accomplished distinctly by adjusting the endeavors to meet the human needs without hurting or corrupting the earth (Terrapon et al., 2014 p.4). Regard for nature, monetary equity, all inclusive human rights and a culture of harmony for the base of a practical worldwide society. Be that as it may, people disregard the significance of a supportable situation and accentuate more on close to home increases. Here emerges the significance of frameworks thinking in creating answers for tackle these supportability challenges. Frameworks believing are a way to deal with critical thinking that adjusts the all encompassing and the reductionist reasoning. The framework thinking looks at the linkages and associations between the different components that create to shape the whole framework (Twid ell and Weir, 2015 p.345). It recognizes the way that an improvement in one territory can adversy affect the other region in the framework. In this manner, it advances correspondence at all degrees of association so as to keep away from the storehouse impact. Framework thinking procedures are exceptionally helpful in concentrating any sort of framework, for example, natural, social, practical, logical and theoretical framework (Suberu, Mustafa and Bashir 2014 p.500). The fundamental ecological issue for the eventual fate of humankind is the anthropogenic change in the atmosphere. There has been a huge change in the worldwide condition with the coming of mechanical insurgency. Human exercises have colossally influenced the earth since ages. People totally depend on nature for crude materials, food and safe house; in any case, they overlook the way that they are additionally a piece of the nature (Bhandari et al., 2014 p.234). The Earth is encountering a huge change in the worldwide condition, which is mind boggling and has different causes. With the appearance of modern transformation in 1850s, the effect of people on nature got monstrous. This was clarified by another term-the Anthropocene, which clarified the degree, span and greatness of such effects on the earth (The Conversation 2014). The different ecological issues caused were land debasement, deforestation, soil disintegration, decrease in the accessibility of new water and fish stocks, ov er the top squanders age, air contamination, consumption of non-sustainable wellsprings of vitality, contamination from poisons and some more. One case of ecological issue is the Not in my lawn disposition (Parliament of Australia 2017). This demeanor is seen when people get advantages and benefits from the nature however decline to assume the liability to deliver the harm caused to the earth by them. This issue is for the most part seen if there should arise an occurrence of oil investigating and refining business wherein exorbitant oil is separated from the common petroleum processing plants however nobody is keen on building a petroleum treatment facility in the area. Because of such issues, it gets important for Government and organizations to take dynamic interest in unraveling these issues (Australian Government 2017). Development of different organizations by the Government for protecting the earth gets fundamental. It likewise gets vital for the organizations to play out the ir Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by aiding in the expulsion of destitution and killing the negative effects of globalization and industrialization on the earth as the earth will offer them the chance to procure benefits (Pan et al., 2015). Monetary development alludes to the expansion in the creation of products and ventures because of increment in utilization that prompts financial turn of events. The significant test is to accomplish monetary development and improvement while keeping up reasonable condition. People extricate crude materials from the nature as food and fuel, which is additionally handled and offered to acquire benefits and these procedures create squanders and different discharges that are hurtful for the earth (Larcher and Tarascon 2015). The blend of common capital, monetary capital, fabricated capital and human capital aides underway of products and enterprises in the economy. Be that as it may, boundless development of the economy is unimaginable because of the nearness of constrained non-inexhaustible assets and the restricted limit of the nature to ingest contamination from mechanical exercises. Here, the framework believing is required as social, instructive and institutional components so as t o keep a beware of the overshoot and breakdown in the economy (Pan et al., 2015). One of the answers for forestall this is the decoupling of financial development and utilization of assets. An economy is required to have a supportable GDP development without hurting the earth. For instance, the utilization of CNG in vehicles can help in keeping up benefits alongside decrease in air contamination. Social maintainability includes all the exercises of people. Social supportability happens when all the formal and casual procedures, structures, frameworks and connections bolster the current and the people in the future to make a bearable society. A general public is supposed to be feasible whenever there are equivalent open doors for everybody and the essential needs of each individual are met. Such a general public supports decent variety and is interconnected inside and outside the network (Parliament of Australia 2017). Such a general public has a legitimate responsible administration structure. Concentrate on social capital development is significant for manageability and a social organization is critical to prepare the social capital. A social market is directed by the social qualities, standards and the legislature. Social confining of the economy helps in achieving a manageable society. For achieving an economical society, it turns out to be important to socially incorporat e each person by giving him work, access to administrations, social association and having their voice heard. Putting a basic intelligent vision to the featured parameters, all the parameters are interlinked with one another. The social and monetary parameter can be conjoined, which upgrades the corporate social duty of the organizations and associations including Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd (Cfcl.com.au 2017). Receiving creative methods for reusing the waste items causes the organization to relieve the contamination level, which controls the wellbeing dangers of the open area. Successful and

Public Sector Agencies are Best Equiped to Fight Social Injustice Essay

Open Sector Agencies are Best Equiped to Fight Social Injustice With another President, in came the surge of another plan. Gone were the times of the Clinton period, a period of proceeded with interest in huge government programs and a dedication that the government would help with mending cultural injuries. With President Bush in office, the social work network realized it was in for huge changes. Furnished with a motivation predictable with his traditionalist convictions, President Bush approached with arrangements that endeavored to scale back the government job in social issues and social work, to return capacity to the states as square awards, and to expand dependence available as an answer for issues. Like his dad before him, Bush needed an arrival to when helping a neighbor was something one outed of the decency of the heart. To make the tax reductions he guaranteed occur, Bush needed to shave dollars from the government assistance programs directed by social specialists to the nation’s most oppressed residents. With help for religious social assistance offices, a preference for non-public school vouchers, and a ceaseless inclination to privatize what is referred to among arrangement experts as the â€Å"third rail of politics† (Social Security), President Bush had the option to work up a long-standing discussion inside the social work network (Zastrow, 1999). Social laborers started to ask, by and by, what was the best, most significant kind of conveyance to the penniless: open segment administrations or private-division administrations? The discussion over open and private social administrations is a steady in the social work calling. To really comprehend the discussion, the meanings of such offices must be clear. Barker characterizes private social offices as â€Å"nonprofit offices that give ... ...re program of the NewYork Charity Organization Society.† Social Service Review. 71:634. Barker, Robert L. The Social Work Dictionary. fourth ed. Washington D.C.: NASW, 1999. Berkowicz, B. (2001). â€Å"Prospecting Among the Poor: Welfare Privatization.† Welfare AdvocacyResearch Project (WARP). Recovered from the World Wide Web:. Karger, H.J. and Stoesz, D. (2002). American social government assistance arrangement: A pluralist approach (fourth ed.).Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Lurie, I. (1998). Government assistance Reform in New York State. Neediness Research News. Recovered from the World Wide Web: . NASW Code of Ethics. Recovered from the World Wide Web: . Reisch, M. (1999). Open Social Services. Encyclopedia of Social Work. (nineteenth ed.) New York: NASW Press.

Beowulf vs grendel Essays - Beowulf, English-language Films, Geats

Beowulf versus Grendel The epic sonnet, Beowulf, is imbued with the powers of obscurity and the powers of light, paradise and damnation. These powers represent the powers of good and abhorrence, between two of the primary characters, Beowulf, and his opponent, Grendel. Grendel's watery refuge is dull, and he just chases around evening time? murkiness. The chivalrous warriors corridors would they say they were cheer is lit up? light. These two models are only one of the numerous distinctions depicted in the epic. Alongside contrasts, there are additionally likenesses. For instance, during Beowulf?s and Grendel?s battle scene, the characters have all the earmarks of being the rebirth of antiquated Mithraic twins, Cautes and Cautopates, who speak to life and demise. Grendel and Beowulf are totally various creatures, when one detail draws out a tantamount change in the other. Grendel is a relative of Cain and a man-eater who is dreaded by the Danes. Living with his mom at the base of a foul lake, which thus his name, ?grenja? which means ?to cry,? or on the other hand ?base of a waterway.? Grendel comes out around evening time, leaving his watery nook in look for food. His prey, smashed warriors who sleep in Hrothgar?s brilliant corridors, butchering them as they rest, and afterward hauling their wicked carcass back to his refuge for his very own dining experience. Unbelievable warrior from Geatland and Edgetho?s child, Beowulf, is human, yet appears to be super-human, having the quality of thirty men. Beowulf is likewise a beast somehow or another, yet not in the sense as Grendel. Beowulf shows up at King Hrothgar?s realm with thirteen of his warriors, to help King Hrothgar with Grendel, with King Hrothgar tolerating Beowulfs vow to murder Grendel. Beowulf intends to rest at King Hrothgar?s mansion, and hang tight for Grendels appearance. Soon thereafter, Grendel goes to the manor, eats up a portion of the men, and afterward stood up to by Beowulf. Grendel is invulnerable to human weapons, so Beowulf goes up against Grendel with his uncovered hands, and with his super-human quality, rips off Grendel?s arm. Grendel?s demise and his shrewd nature are straightforwardly associated with haziness. The association among fiendishness and obscurity are dull all through the content, and is most grounded with the physical depiction of Grendel?s sanctum, where his dead body rests. As damnation gets Grendel?s body, a feeling of harmony and alleviation is available. Beowulf?s base want for blood and savagery and his stories of his killings do no vary much from Grendel?s bleeding night slaughters at Herot. Beowulf and Grendel neither need weapons to battle, Grendel being insusceptible to man-made weapons, entranced edges, and can not be injured by them, yet Beowulf, human, massacres Grendel without the guide of man-made weapons. This raises Beowulf over the human principles, uncovering increasingly tremendous characteristics. Beowulf and Grendel negate one another, however they likewise praise one another. The two of them represent paradise and heck, light and dull, life and passing with every trademark they each hold. The two characters take on ?non-human? properties, Grendel being an immense being and Beowulf having superhuman capacities.

6 Tips to Smooth Out a Marital Rough Patch

6 Tips to Smooth Out a Marital Rough Patch More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Has your marriage hit a rough patch? You are not alone. There’s no reason to panic. Many marriages do hit troubled times at some point. You may need some ideas to help smooth this rough patch out. Here are some tips to keep in mind if you are in such a situation.   Be Mindful of Your Commitment to Each Other Commitment to each other is essential to having a good marriage.  That means putting up with each other in good times and bad. But commitment should not be an excuse for people to disrespect or neglect each other.  Commitment does not mean handcuffs. Commitment in marriage is a pledge to love each other and stay supportive in good times and bad.  This promise also implies that each party will keep faithful to their vows of acting with long-term love and respect. It means the choices you make will have each others best interests in mind.   Have a Shared Vision Marriage partners are a team working toward the same vision.  It should not be about one partner acting  without  regard  for  the  feelings  or  interests  of  the other.  It isnt about obtaining some prize and abusing or neglecting it.  It isnt about one partner being domineering.  Nor is it about one spouse expecting the other will make them happy and meet all their needs. If you believe one person can meet all your needs, you are being unrealistic and are sure to be disappointed. Focus on the Big Picture When you or your spouse become agitated or irritable, and the marriage waters seem rough, it can be easy to become self-centered and decide the marriage isnt worth the effort.  Being overly negative is something you can do in almost any situation. Focusing too much on what’s wrong and what’s missing is bound to bury you and possibly ruin your relationship. Foster a Healthy Dependency Having real emotional integrity, though, means looking at the bigger picture which might include asking what need is not being met in your life or in your spouses life.  Once identified, there is something to address, work on, and seek to correct.  It’s perfectly okay to ask for your emotional needs to be met by your spouse. Be prepared to offer the same in return. You both should actively strive to depend on each other and not deny your basic human needs for emotional connectivity. At the same time, know that you can’t burden one person alone to meet all of your needs. Are You the Problem? Neither of you may be the problem.  Typical challenges of life have a way of seeping into relationships.  When one spouse is over-stressed, worn out, feeling shot down at work, feeling like a personal failure in some area, they are bound to become difficult to live with.  Its critical to separate out the actual cause of the distress.  It may have little to do with the marriage at all.  If the problem or need can be identified, then you can become creative in trying to resolve the problems together.   Neither of you is the enemy.  There’s no need to take what was said or done personally.  Try to reach out to each other with love and caring instead. If baggage from your past keeps cropping up, make an effort to work on it if it is impacting how you interact today.   Keep Tabs on Your Emotional Bank Account You should already have enough “savings” in your emotional bank account to get through a marital rough patch relatively unscathed. This means you have been actively nurturing your marriage throughout your lives together. After the rough patch is done, you may need to focus on making a few more deposits! Give your partner as much attention, affirmation, and applause as you can when you have it to give.  And when you need it for yourself, ask for it. A Word From Verywell These helpful tips should guide you through what is a relatively “normal” time in any long-term relationship such as marriage. Having the commitment to your partner is key, but the commitment should be to work through issues patiently. It also means you both make conscientious decisions together to find your way  through this period of time.

Communication at Alliance Leicester - Free Essay Example

Communication at Alliance Leicester Introduction Alliance and Leicester is a large Stock Exchange company in London. The key to the success of their business is the different communication systems they have in their business and management practices. The following are the some of the communication based skills and strategies used in the business. Five Active Listening Skills To make my one-hour weekly staff training session more effective I would attend to each trainee staff and would listen to them to find out the areas in marketing that they are experiencing difficulties in. I would then address this to everyone in the session and then will work out at as a team on how to ease the difficulty and then would encourage the new trainees to use new marketing techniques or strategies to minimise the difficulty. Then I will reflect upon by making a comparison between the trainees performance before the session with the performance after the session. Finally, I will then w ould like to know from the trainees on their performance from before and after the session, and if they are still finding it difficult with implementing the new marketing strategies in their work. Four Interpersonal Communication Skills in improving teamwork For the purpose of launching a new product we would have to work in a team to achieve this goal. Therefore to work effectively in a team we would good listening skills this is because in order to plan and launch a new product everyone would need to contribute their ideas and thoughts about the new product. The advantage of this is that everyone in the team will get the sense they are being heard and that their opinions matter, and thus will become motivated in working even harder towards the target. Team members need to be assertive whether they can confidently share their ideas and thoughts in regards to the new product. By being assertive they will openly contribute in group discussions and will be able to give and recei ve constructive feedback. Need to have good decision making and negotiating skills this is because when working in a team everyone will contribute their ideas but the underlying truth is that not everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ideas can be used to launch the new product. Therefore, it is important to have good decision making skills and negotiation skills where an idea can be put forward with sufficient reasons and justification as to why we should go with this idea and not the other and when a decision is made a team needs to have trust amongst the team members believing that whatever decision is being made is the correct one. Communication Skills Being the retail distributor it is my responsibility to negotiate, redefine the sales target and methods to increase sales in the next 12 months, the following communication skills should help me to achieve the target. Assertiveness means showing the confidence in sharing your thoughts and ideas in an appropriate and honest manner i n a meeting with the other staffs and delegates (Assertiveness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An Introduction, 2014). I will put forward my ideas on the methods to increase sales and to meet the target. From this approach I should be able to share my point of view and justify which is the best marketing activities. Negotiation is when we settle or find a solution to an issue or a problem without arguments (What is Negotiation? , 2014). As a retail distributor I can negotiate the price to purchase the products from Alliance and Leicester. Through negotiation we can weigh the benefits and costs of the product and then can come to a mutual decision on a reasonable price that will be beneficial for me as the retail distributor and for Alliance and Leicester. Giving and receiving constructive feedback is when giving feedback on a person or a businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance (Giving Feedback, 2014). From this feedback the person or the business would be able to know what they are d oing, identify the strengths, weaknesses and in what areas requires improvements. Alliance and Leicester can use constructive feedback in the National Sales Conference to provide all retail distributors feedback on their performance, on the areas they are doing well; the areas which they are doing well and can suggest some ideas or changes that will help them with their performance and or concerns. The advantage of constructive feedback is that it provides guidance to the retail distributors on the areas they need to focus and thus should motivate them to work towards it with new strategies. Four Effective Communication Factors Feedback is communicating back verbally or in a written form on the way the business or the staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance (Giving Feedback, 2014). These could be feedback on the areas they are doing well and the areas they may need to improve on. These could be feedback on their strengths and weaknesses and thus should be guidance as to how the b usiness and or staff could improve their performance. For example, the purpose of this interview was to discuss the management issue that was not addressed in the meeting. To have an effective discussion it will be best to provide and present feedback on the matter so that the Group Executive gets an understanding of the matter and use these feedbacks as a guide to construct and develop strategies to resolve the management issue. The Group Executives only meets the senior managers twice in a year therefore it becomes important to give them all the information on the important issues that needs urgent attention for the purpose of minimising the loss that may occur in the business. Question and Discussion is important in the interview so that when the management issue is raised, through questions and discussions the Group Executives would be able to get an insight of the issue and could possibly measure the impact it may have on the business. By asking questions this creates an environment for the Senior Managers and the Group Executives to have open communications and discussions on the matter. The advantage of having open discussions is that we get an insight on everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s views and we should be able to get a solution. Confirmation is a good way of expressing that the Senior Managers and the Group Executives have a mutual agreement on the matter and are willing to work together to resolve the issue. For example, if there was no confirmation from either one of them then the issue will remain unresolved, which could lead to large losses for the business. Confirmation could also be the evidence which proves that there is an issue in the management and that there is an urgency to solve it. Clarification is required when discussing the management issue with the Group Executive so that when the issue is looked into it needs to be understood as why this is an issue in the business and who are impacted by it. Therefore, when the issues is addressed in the interview the issue presented needs to be clear so that the Group Executive would instantly be able to recognise that it is an issue and can advise on possible solutions to resolve it. Team Meeting Team meetings are held to get all the employees together to discuss the important changes and decisions of the business. The importance of having these meetings is that the employees are able to share their ideas and thoughts on a particular decision or can work as a team to solve an issue. During the meeting it is everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility to engage in the discussions held in the meeting, to address any issues in the business, actively listen and pay attention to what is being discussed in the meeting. It is everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility to participate in the meetings so that the meeting is productive and meets the purpose for which the meeting was intended for. Team meeting is an opportunity for everyone to share, gain knowledge ab out the business and its products, it also an effective way to keep you updated on the changes that have occurred or may occur in the future. It is the chairpersonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility to facilitate the meeting and to prepare for a productive meeting. The chair person should communicate in a manner that the staffs has a clear understanding of what the meeting is about and the information provided is on target and is straight to the point for which the meeting was held for. It is their responsibility to update the staff with the new updates and changes that may occur in the business and it is their responsibility to ensure everyone understands and knows the reasoning behind the changes or the improvements that are required for the sake of the businesses productivity. The responsibility of the minute recorder (or secretary) is to record everything that has been discussed in the meeting and to report it back to the senior managers. It is their responsibility to infor m the stakeholders of the key points discussed in the meeting. Downward Communication Downward Communication is when the information is directed or communicated from the management to their workers in the organisation (Grimsley, 2014). Downward Communication was used by Alliance and Leicester with the purpose of assisting the employees in their work by informing them with relevant information. Part of this strategy was to inform the employees of the developmental changes in the business so that were aware, involved and can develop an understanding of how these developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s may have an impact on their daily decisions and on the objectives of the business. Communication Networks Customer Relations uses the decentralised circle communication network where the information is equally shared amongst all stakeholders. For example, it is found that Customer Relations listens to the customers and resolves the issue that are unable to be resolved by the admini stration team and the other branches. This information gets passed on as feedback to the management team; they also work alongside the Ombudsman and the other regulatory to help resolve the issue. The advantage of this communication network is that every stakeholder has access to the information. It also allows the stakeholders to work together to resolve an issue and lastly, every stakeholder meaning the internal and external has an input in the key important decisions and are equal contributors towards the productivity of the business. For example, a customer care leaflet allows for customers to give feedback which is bough forward to the managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attention and is taken into consideration when an important decision is made on a product. Communication Technologies Alliance and Leicester uses a computer system that allows the information to be transmitted from one branch to another throughout the nation. It is said that the information on rate changes, imp ortant announcements and security messages are administered from the Alliance and Leicesterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s administration centre. The advantage of having this system is that it controls the follow of important messages and it gets transmitted over in time when needed. However the disadvantage of having a controlled system is that if a technical issue arises and the system crashes there will be difficulties in getting the important messages out to the other branches. The other communication technology used in the business is the fax system. The fax system is used to distribute multiple faxes out to all the companies when there is an urgency of informing the staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of something important. The advantage of using the fax system is that ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s one of the most efficient and faster way of informing all the company when there is a need to get the information out to the company as soon as possible. However, being heavily reliant on the technology could mean that if the system fails the management team may not know how to manage the issue manually. Reference List Assertiveness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An Introduction. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ps/assertiveness.html Giving Feedback. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMM_98.htm Grimsley, S. (2014). Downward Communication: Definition, Advantages Disadvantages. https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/downward-communication-definition-advantages-disadvantages.html#lesson What is Negotiation?. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/negotiation.html

Erik Erikson s Theory Of The Psychosocial Development

Ashley is six year old and she is in first grade. Base on Erikson’s theory, she is in stage 4 : Industry vs. Inferiority. Industry versus inferiority is the fourth stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of the psychosocial development. The stage occurs during childhood between the ages of six and eleven. Children at this stage, are learning to read and write, to do sums, to do things on their own. Teachers and coaches begin to take an important role in the child’s life as they teach the child specific skills. Ashley told Billy that she loves her first grade class. She explained to Billy that she learned to count by 5 and 10. Also she is able to read books to herself. She cannot wait to read the princess book series that Billy bought for her. School and social interaction play an important role during this time of a child’s life. Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. During the earlier stages, a child’s interactions centered primarily on caregivers, family members and others in their immediate household. As the school years begin, the realm of social influence increases dramatically. Friends and classmates play a role in how children progress through the industry versus inferiority stage. Billy need to know that, at this stage, the child’s peer group will gain greater significance and will become a major source of the child’s self-esteem. The child now feels the need to win approval by dem onstratingShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. 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There are set of conflict at each stage, which allows individual to developRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory1518 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT This research paper will show a thorough review of Erik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory, specifically the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Psychosocial Development, according to Erik Erikson, is a continuity of crisis throughout our lifespan; these challenges will shape our personality and the way we perceive our surroundings. In addition to this, the different stages mentioned in this Theory complement each other and help us to develop the tools to achieve a sense ofRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Erik Erikson (1902-1994) provided a new perspective of psychosocial behavior and development while expanding on the works of other theorists. Erikson believed there to be eight stages of psychosocial development which a person transitions through. 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UnlikeRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1818 Words   |  8 Pagesinfluential theories in developmental psychology, which is Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. It is a very interesting theory, and although it was influenced by Sigmund Freud, it centers more on the social component rather than the psychosexual stand of Freud. According to Erikson, our personal development occurs as we interact daily with others and have new experiences that shape us throughout our lives. This paper will review the eight stages of the psychosocial theory: 1. TrustRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1775 Words   |  8 Pages Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the most influential theories of human development. While highly influenced by the works of Sigmund Freud, Ericson’s theory incorporates the impact of society and conflicts of the ego, and expands it across the entire life-span of human existence. 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He practiced after Freud, adopting some and disagreeing with some of his theories. Erikson continued the theory of the id, ego, and superego. However, unlike Freud, Erikson believed that personality development cannot be explained or identified solely based on sexuality. He believed that society and culture also influence

Donor Donations And The Pros Of Being Compensated With...

Abstract For the past few weeks of class, our focus was to be on the topic of organ donation. More specifically if we feel that donors should be compensated with money for their donation. Through the discussions and arguments from classmates, I have found there to be many different takes on this subject, some with which I agree and others disagree. While all arguments will lead to disagreements on some level, I have found a chance to explain why I disagree with their disagreements, while still holding strong to my belief. We learned in class that every great argument presents with the main argument and sub-arguments or premises that thoroughly elaborate on the main argument in greater detail. My goal is to enhance and enlighten your†¦show more content†¦Secondly, the donor would be the only person not benefiting from the donation, so it only seems morally right to give back. The hospital staff are getting paid for their work and the individual receiving the organ may n ot be getting paid with money, but instead are receiving a very special gift. Third, the increase of organ donations due to a money incentive could potentially make donations safer by driving the Black Market to extinction. The Black Market would no longer be needed if more people are being taken off the wait list because of the increased influx of organ donations. While reiterated many times, I feel it is important to clearly convey my argument with the three premises that follow. Organ donors should be paid for their donations because it can reduce the shortage of organs, which in turn could save lives; they are doing an incredible thing for someone else, so it seems morally just; it could drive the Black Market to extinction, making donations much safer. This brings about an important word: altruism. By definition from Merriam Webster Dictionary, altruism is defined as â€Å"†¦feelings and behaviors that show a desire to help other people and a lack of selfishness† (2015). To me, individuals that donate their organs for another human beings prosperity can be defined as being altruistic. The shortage of organs is the biggest issue our country faces when it comes to their

Commerce, Politics and the City in A Room of Ones Own...

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Essay on Supporting Gay Marriage - 991 Words

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Most popular religions (Christianity, Judaism, Islam) have religious text or proclamation that has been either misinterpreted or used incorrectly to justify the indecency and perversion of homosexuality. Religious views and homosexuality can also be related to cultural bias. I imagine that if I had been born into a different home, I might have a different view of the homosexuality debate. Having a religious background can develop your ideas on the issue, but where you are from holds more importance to the development of ideas. Currently our world is being bombarded with new information due to the increase in technology development. If your beliefs lie in science, it is well known by now that sexual orientation is biological rather that the once and still believed notion that it is a choice. As human beings, we need to understand this distinction to intelligently argue this topic. 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They a ll have strong opinions and arguments on this

Science Fiction A Genre based on Imagined Future Scientific Free Essays

Science fiction is a genre that is based on â€Å"imagined future scientific or technological advances and major social or environmental changes† that can challenge and disrupt traditional perspectives of morality and behaviour. Each science fiction text explores but one of the numerous possibilities of the speculative and extrapolative ideas, with the author’s own views being placed throughout the text both intentionally and unintentionally. The genre concerns itself with the understanding of both past and present societies, with the futuristic visions being the outcome. We will write a custom essay sample on Science Fiction: A Genre based on Imagined Future Scientific or any similar topic only for you Order Now These futuristic ideals are projections of our societies throughout time and space, given that science fiction also deals with varied contexts along the space time continuum, depending on which sub-genre the text belongs to within science fiction. The genre disperses into various types of science fiction including hard-core science fiction, social science fiction, and heroic science fiction, just to name a few. The sub-genre discussed throughout this critical reading is cyberpunk, â€Å"a genre of science fiction set in a lawless subculture of an oppressive society dominated by computer technology. This sub-genre gives us a wide viewpoint as to the challenging of traditional perspectives, particularly in regards to morality and behavior. Numerous science fiction texts delve into the understandings of morality and behaviour, with the ideas within challenging traditional perspectives of the aforementioned aspects. Neuromancer, by William Gibson, is just one of these texts that explore s technology – or in this case, the controlling, and parenting attributes of technology – through the embodiment and disembodiment of the main characters, Case and Molly. Stepping Razor in Orbit: Postmodern Identity and Political Alternatives in William Gibson’s Neuromancer by Benjamin Fair, as well as The Narrative Construction of Cyberspace: Reading Neuromancer, Reading Cyberspace Debates by Daniel Punday, are two articles that have supported the ideas of technology parenting the human race, the glorification of disembodiment, as well as the desire to become something more. The articles explore the experimentation with these ideas to extend on a person’s understanding of how science fiction challenges and disrupts traditional perspectives. Technology has driven the human race to the point that it has become a necessary part of our existence, influencing our morals and behaviour throughout every day life. Neuromancer demonstrates this, with the human body being a dystopia for Case. â€Å"A sense of disembodiment is the ideal† for the man driven to achieve his â€Å"homecoming that brings him back into contact with a network of human information,† the Matrix. Throughout Neuromancer we are shown the ways in which Case bases his identity on â€Å"an alienating system that the Matrix represents and enacts,† with his â€Å"distant fingers caressing the desk, tears of release streaking his face† when finally he is able to reintegrate with the systematic database he has been denied so long. The idea that we have become dependant on technology resonates through Gibson’s novel, with Case’s addiction to reconnecting with the Matrix driving the anti-hero to serve others while keeping his own motives in mind. Case has an urge, a need, to leave the body and connect solely with the Matrix, with this desire being positioned deep in self-loathing. This self-loathing passion for disembodiment fuels the idea of technology, and drives the anti-hero to demonstrate the ways in which technology has become a leading power within our lives, influencing our morals and behaviour, whilst challenging our traditional perspectives. Juxtaposing this fulfilling desire of disembodiment, however, we have a â€Å"reference to embodiment that affirms [physical identity] as the source of [Case’s] power. Despite the original idea of the human body being a hindrance to the technologically advanced society, we eventually see â€Å"the prison of [our] own flesh† inverting its role and becoming a source of empowerment. This gives us an overwhelming sense of self-actualisation; achieving realisations in ourselves through these experiences of embodiment and disembodiment, and freeing ourselves from the me taphorical prison of our own body. Gibson challenges the traditional perspectives of morality and behaviour through not only the affirmation of embodiment, but also the near-glorification of disembodiment. By experimenting with these bodily states, science fiction allows us to understand the challenging and disruption of morality and behaviour’s traditional perspectives. The idea that technology has become a parent figure to the human race is reiterated when Case â€Å"reflects on his involvement with larger political and social powers. † These understandings put the individual in such a position that they become a â€Å"kind of parasite within the parent organism,† which then takes the role of disassociating the individual who does not agree with, or support the goals, values and ideals of the larger system to which they belong. Gibson’s Neuromancer presents positive ways in which individuals made into the minority â€Å"retain freedom by virtue of their position on the margins,† as seen through Case’s refusal to follow structured daily life styles, and instead living his life in order to correct his bodily functions (or rather, non-bodily functions) and reintegrate with the Matrix. The human body eventually becomes a sanctuary, a safe haven from the technological advancements occurring in the outside world, â€Å"a place of security and belonging – self-acceptance – in contrast to the insecurity and alienation of cyberspace. The body becomes one’s own space, as the â€Å"issue in question is the urges behind the ideals promoted by those who find the body inadequate. † Molly exemplifies this idea as she exposes herself to numerous technological ‘enhancements,’ just one being the procedure which allows her hands to hold â€Å"ten double-edged, fo ur-centimetre scalpel blades. † These bodily adaptations echo the need to further our development both behaviourally and morally as humans, as we attempt to extend out abilities from that of humans to that of something more powerful. This desire to become something more can be understood through â€Å"the novel continually returning to the uneven spaces where the parts of individuals are assembled into some whole. † The idea of one part trying to do many jobs is clearly not going to be as efficient as many parts focusing on one role, and fulfilling that purpose extremely well. By adding onto our existing beings, we allow ourselves to grow and have more components added to our original form. However, the more additions we make, the more chances of the final form falling apart, as demonstrated in Gibson’s novel when â€Å"[Case] watched [Linda’s] personality fragment, calving like an iceberg, splinters drifting away. † Similar to a machine, if you add too many components, it is easier for one to malfunction, bringing the remaining crashing down. Despite this knowledge being instilled in humanity, we still experience needs to be something more powerful that what we already are. This in itself is humanity’s greatest downfall: the knowledge that while becoming more powerful, we are becoming more likely to fail. This drive for power challenges the traditional views on morality, with the desire overcoming our righteousness in some cases, leading us to be an anti-hero in our own lives. Reinforcing the idea that we are made of distinct, individual parts, Gibson has Peter Riviera recreate a holographic representation of Molly, â€Å"visualizing some part of her, only a small part, if [Riviera] could see hat perfectly, in the most perfect detail†¦Ã¢â‚¬  then he could understand that the â€Å"process of assemblage depends on a fundamental tension between the physical and the imaginative. † These contradictory ideas represent the ideas behind an object, with each perfected product, be it human, object, material or notion, there is an imaginative idea that led to the production or design. Obviously this does not need to refer only to a product, h owever. A person’s identity is made up of an imaginative idea combined with a physical ‘shell,’ and one without the other leaves an uninterpretable chaos of thoughts or actions. This imaginative idea is what influences our very life, guiding our moral compass as we endeavour to live with experimentation in our morals and behaviour. Science fiction is a genre that challenges ideas of present societies, and projects them into the future, creating texts that reinforce themes that disrupt traditional perspectives of morality and behaviour. Through the exploration of technology parenting the human race, the glorification of disembodiment, as well as the desire to become something more, the articles (Stepping Razor in Orbit: Postmodern Identity and Political Alternatives in William Gibson’s Neuromancer by Benjamin Fair, and The Narrative Construction of Cyberspace: Reading Neuromancer, Reading Cyberspace Debates by Daniel Punday) have increased the understanding of how science fiction experiments with morality and behaviour to challenge traditional perspectives. These ideas have been collected from William Gibson’s, Neuromancer, and been studied and explained throughout the aforementioned articles. The essentiality of technology is enforced, while the juxtaposition of disembodiment is discussed in detail throughout the articles, as they also bring up the issue of technology parenting the human race, complimenting the desire to become something more than what we are. The idea that we are made up, created and maintained of distinct individual parts is again explored throughout the entire novel, with references being placed within the text. These ideas challenge and disrupt traditional perspectives, while increasing one’s understanding of the text, Neuromancer, by William Gibson. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. New Oxford American Dictionary, Third Edition [ 2 ]. ibid. [ 3 ]. William Gibson (1995): Neuromancer, Paperback edition [ 4 ]. Benjamin Fair (2005): Stepping Razor in Orbit: Postmodern Identity and Political Alternatives in William Gibson’s Neuromancer, Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, pp. 92-103 [ 5 ]. Daniel Punday (2000): The Narrative Construction of Cyberspace: Reading Neuromancer, Reading Cyberspace Debates, College English, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 194-213 [ 6 ]. Benjamin Fair (2005): Stepping Razor in Orbit: Postmodern Identity and Political Alternatives in William Gibson’s Neuromancer, Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, pp. 98 [ 7 ]. Daniel Punday (2000): The Narrative Construc tion of Cyberspace: Reading Neuromancer, Reading Cyberspace Debates, College English, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 200 [ 8 ]. Benjamin Fair (2005): Stepping Razor in Orbit: Postmodern Identity and Political Alternatives in William Gibson’s Neuromancer, Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, pp. 8 [ 9 ]. William Gibson (1995): Neuromancer, Paperback edition, pp. 69 [ 10 ]. Benjamin Fair (2005): Stepping Razor in Orbit: Postmodern Identity and Political Alternatives in William Gibson’s Neuromancer, Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, pp. 98 [ 11 ]. William Gibson (1995): Neuromancer, Paperback edition, pp. 12 [ 12 ]. Daniel Punday (2000): The Narrative Construction of Cyberspace: Reading Neuromancer, Reading Cyberspace Debates, College English, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 201 [ 13 ]. ibid [ 14 ]. ibid [ 15 ]. Benjamin Fair (2005): Stepping Razor in Orbit: Postmodern Identity and Political Alternatives in William Gibson’s Neuromancer, Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, pp. 99 [ 16 ]. ibid [ 17 ]. William Gibson (1995): Neuromancer, Paperback edition, pp. 37 [ 18 ]. Daniel Punday (2000): The Narrative Construction of Cyberspace: Reading Neuromancer, Reading Cyberspace Debates, College English, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 202 [ 19 ]. William Gibson (1995): Neuromancer, Paperback edition, pp. 16 [ 20 ]. William Gibson (1995): Neuromancer, Paperback edition, pp. 67 (ellipsis in original) [ 21 ]. Daniel Punday (2000): The Narrative Construction of Cyberspace: Reading Neuromancer, Reading Cyberspace Debates, College English, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 203 [ 22 ]. Benjamin Fair (2005): Stepping Razor in Orbit: Postmodern Identity and Political Alternatives in William Gibson’s Neuromancer, Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, pp. 92-103 [ 23 ]. Daniel Punday (2000): The Narrative Cons truction of Cyberspace: Reading Neuromancer, Reading Cyberspace Debates, College English, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 194-213 How to cite Science Fiction: A Genre based on Imagined Future Scientific, Papers

Islam Acknowledges Abraham And Jesus †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Islam Acknowledges Abraham And Jesus. Answer: According to the Muslims, Jesus is considered to be the penultimate prophet. He is also looked upon as the messenger of Allah or the God. They call him al-Masih or the Messiah in Arabic. The Holy Quran has always mentioned Jesus to be the pue boy; who was born to Mary or the Maryam. The Hadith or the testimonial reports of the Islam has considered Jesus as a Christ in their religion. The contradiction occurs at a point where Muslims claim that Jesus has been their prophet as well along with Abraham. The mention of Jesus has been found in the Holy Quran around 25 times, though not as Jesus but as Isa. The various names that he has been addressed with are Isa tbn Maryam, ruh min Allah, kalimah min Allah and Rasul. The name Ibrahim interpreted by the Muslims instead of Abraham has been validated across centuries. Ibrahim has been looked upon as the father of the Arab people and the father of Isaac and Ishmael. The Holy Quran has portrayed him as the one person being brought up in a Pagan environment, having difficulties to understand God. Later when he grew up, he understood the meaning of God and became the prophet of Islam. Out of the thousands of prophets, Jesus (Isa), Moses, Abraham and Muhammad have been the specific ones.

Piano Concert report free essay sample

American classical plants who Is the first American to win the gold medal at The Tenth Ventricular International Plano Competition In Fort Worth, Texas. That was the reason why I went to California Theater in San Jose on October 20, 2013 for his piano concert. This theatre is located on 345 South First Street, San Jose. It didnt look big from the outside but when I walked in, I was surprised. It is a classy, clean and fancy looking and there are different levels of seating.Furthermore, the seats are very comfortable and the crowd is very repressions. I Just felt like I was walking in cathedral in Europe. In my opinion, this is one of the best theatres in San Jose. Jon Namesakes program included: 2 Impromptus (Franz Schubert), Sonata no. 3 in B Minor (FRRdrich Chopin) and Carnival, opus 9(Robert Schumann). He began his performance with 2 Impromptus. He seemed to understand every single notes and this was a magic with such sweet melodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Piano Concert report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He had a unique Interpretation. Special attention was paid to the alternating notes on the left hand while maintaining melodic lines on the right.HIS playing spoke of so such with Just notes and no words and It really touched my heart deeply. After I listened to this songs, I think this is a truly song written in the moment between desperation and acceptance. Jon seemed to tell me what Schubert said: Whenever I write of love, it turns to pain, and whenever I write of pain, it turns to love. Impromptus are closest to the heart and soul of Schubert of all pieces of his music. The second song that Jon Mainmasts performed was Sonata no. 3 in B Minor. It was one of the best performances of this beautiful sonata and Jon is an incredible pianist.The third movement was superb and I could hear Sons spirit in the music. I believe he was largely self-taught, which is astonishing. In his music, he never substituted pianist bravado for beauty, and that Is why never a note was wasted. Everything you could want In his performance Is sensitively, Imagination, passion and delicacy. The last song he performed was Carnival, opus 9. This piece was so long but It was a wonderful characterization, transparent textures and dynamics. He showed me the pure connection between the human soul and the sounds. The Carnival made me like Schumann music even more.Jon Mainmasts had breathed new life into his After finish enjoying Jon Namesakes piano concert, I was deeply masterpiece. Inspired and moved to tears. Thanks to him, Ive been introduced these beautiful pieces which I hadnt known for long time. Jon gave me the big inspiration and motivation so that I can persuade my dream to become such a great pianist like him. Piano Concert report ay Crystallographer Piano Concert Report Ion Mainmasts, a Japanese American classical pianist who is the first American to win the gold medal at The Tenth Ventricular International Piano Competition in Fort.

What Resource is Useful to Answer a Sample Journal Response Essay?

What Resource is Useful to Answer a Sample Journal Response Essay?An essay sample that you can use to answer a sample journal response essay can be easily found at an online resource. It would be wise to use the information and resources that are available in order to find out the best strategy that would be effective for your overall application. To ensure that you would receive the best result, it is important that you should take into consideration what resources and tools are used by other student for their own essays.To use this sample for answering a sample journal response essay, you have to make sure that you would include a topic that would make the material very interesting. This kind of essay, which you could give to the schools or colleges, would not be able to be completed if you had no idea on what kind of material that they require. To include a topic that is interesting enough, make sure that you would be able to identify that topic from the topic list that you have f rom the reading materials or books that you could have with you. You also have to include a piece of the writing on what subject matter would be very interesting for the students.In order to make the topic of the article or essay interesting, you have to make sure that you would be able to include a part of the concept. For example, you might find it helpful to include a chapter that would be talking about the system or process that you would use for achieving your goal. This article or essay that you could give to the schools or colleges would need to answer the basic questions that the colleges are seeking. That's why the introduction, body, and conclusion should be included in a piece of writing.The introduction should be filled with some sentences that would introduce the topic, such as; 'In this article I would like to answer a sample journal response essay.' The body of the article should include a short summary of the topic and the activities that the writer would like to do while pursuing the topic. The summary would be important because it would be the place where you would be able to let the readers know the main points that you would want to provide in the article.The conclusion should also be included in the body of the article, although it is important that you would be able to write the last paragraph that would be ending the entire article. This paragraph is what would be closing your essay. The conclusion would also have to contain a specific point or fact that would have to be able to impress the readers and convince them to be interested in continuing with the article. In order to avoid this, make sure that you would include a good explanation in the summary section.In order to make your article interesting and professional, the article should also have the writing style that would be consistent with the writing style of the article. The essay sample that you could use to answer a sample journal response essay would be best used when you have the right article format and structure that would be appropriate for your college or school.Making use of the samples that would be given by the sample journals or colleges could be helpful for you to make a stronger impression to the schools or colleges. In case, you would like to know more about the topic and topics that could be useful in making a strong impression, you can visit the internet or the school that you want to apply to.

5 Things You Should Never Put on Your Resume

5 Things You Should Never Put on Your Resume We all know how crucial a resume can be. It’s the document that gets you past the computer, through the door, into the interview. And you can’t get the job without getting through those stages. You’ve added in all the things you’ve been told are resume must-haves, but have you considered there might be a few things you should take out of your resume? Here are 5Â  things that you should delete from your resume as soon as possible. 1. ObjectiveThe Objective statement has gone the way of the dodo. To avoid being hopelessly retro, take it out. Your Objective statement probably just says that you’re looking for a challenging position in a great and growing company anyway, right? That tells the recruiter nothing whatsoever, and it undoubtedly also bores them. A Summary statement is much more effective. If you don’t have one, sub one in for your Objective. Either way, delete the Objective part.2. Laundry listDo you have a section where you merely l ist all of your skills and the key- or buzzwords you were told were must-haves for computer screening? The trouble with these sections is that a) they are usually unreadable by the very computer programs they’re aimed toward enticing, and b) this is a very transparent ploy. Throwing a bunch of keywords at a recruiter won’t convince them. Thread those keywords through the body of your resume text instead.3. Page 2Except in very specific contexts in very specific careers, a second page is never a good idea. You can probably expect that no one else but you will ever bother reading your second page. Better to edit your brains out, pack the first page full of your greatest hits and most impressive skills and work experience, and save the tree.4. Fancy formattingAgain, unreadable to most employers–especially if you’re uploading to a computer system. Anything that isn’t plain text will be scrapped. That includes text boxes, tables, bulleted lists, swanky fonts, page borders, etc. Save the creativity for the wording of your cover letter, or the interview process. Keep your resume clean, standard, and simple.5. HobbiesIt used to be in vogue to include a section on personal interests and hobbies. Unless you can make a case that these have some impact on your qualifications or work performance, skip this section- usually it ends up on page 2 anyway! Save your personal flourishes for the interview, when such things can really liven the conversation and help you shine.

The Short Run and the Long Run in Economics

The Short Run and the Long Run in Economics In economics, its extremely important to understand the distinction between the short run and the long run. As it turns out, the definition of these terms depends on whether they are being used in a microeconomic or macroeconomic context. There are even different ways of thinking about the microeconomic distinction between the short run and the long run. Production Decisions The long run is defined as the time horizon needed for a producer to have flexibility over all relevant production decisions. Most businesses make decisions not only about how many workers to employ at any given point in time (i.e. the amount of labor)  but also about what scale of an operation (i.e. size of factory, office, etc.) to put together and what production processes to use. Therefore, the long run is defined as the time horizon necessary not only to change the number of workers but also to scale the size of the factory up or down and alter production processes as desired. In contrast, economists often  define the short run as the time horizon over which the scale of an operation is fixed and the only available business decision is the number of workers to employ. (Technically, the short run could also represent a situation where the amount of labor is fixed and the amount of capital is variable, but this is fairly uncommon.)  The logic is that even taking various labor laws as a given, its usually easier to hire and fire workers than it is to significantly change a major production process or move to a new factory or office. (One reason for this likely has to do with long-term leases and such.) As such, the short run and the long run with respect to production decisions can be summarized as follows:   Short run: Quantity of labor is variable but the quantity of capital and production processes are fixed (i.e. taken as a given).Long run: Quantity of labor, the quantity of capital, and production processes are all variable (i.e. changeable). Measuring Costs The long run is sometimes defined as the time horizon over which there are no sunk fixed costs. In general, fixed costs are those that dont change as production quantity changes. In addition, sunk costs are those that cant be recovered after they are paid. A lease on a corporate headquarters, for example, would be a sunk cost if the business has to sign a lease for the office space. Furthermore, it would be a fixed cost because, after the scale of the operation is decided on, its not as though the company will need some incremental additional unit of headquarters for each additional unit of output it produces. Obviously the company would need a larger headquarters if it decided to make a significant expansion, but this scenario refers to the long-run decision of choosing a scale of production. There are no truly fixed costs in the long run since the firm is free to choose the scale of operation that determines the level at which the costs are fixed. In addition, there are no sunk costs in the long run, since the company has the option of not doing business at all and incurring a cost of zero. In summary, the short run and the long run in terms of cost can be summarized as follows:   Short run: Fixed costs are already paid and are unrecoverable (i.e. sunk).Long run: Fixed costs have yet to be decided on and paid, and thus are not truly fixed. The two definitions of the short run and the long run are really just two ways of saying the same thing since a firm doesnt incur any fixed costs until it chooses a quantity of capital (i.e. scale of production) and a production process. Market Entry and Exit Economists differentiate between the short run and the long run with regard to market dynamics as follows: Short run: The number of firms in an industry is fixed (even though firms can shut down and produce a quantity of zero).Long run: The number of firms in an industry is variable since firms can enter and exit the marketplace. Microeconomic Implications The distinction between the short run and the long run has a number of implications for differences in market behavior, which can be summarized as follows: The Short Run: Firms will produce if the market price at least covers variable costs, since fixed costs have already been paid and, as such, dont enter the decision-making process.Firms profits can be positive, negative, or zero. The Long Run: Firms will enter a market if the market price is high enough to result in positive profit.Firms will exit a market if the market price is low enough to result in negative profit.If all firms have the same costs, firm profits will be zero in the long run in a competitive market. (Those firms that have lower costs can maintain positive profit even in the long run.) Macroeconomic Implications In macroeconomics, the short run is generally defined as the time horizon over which the wages and prices of other inputs to production are sticky, or inflexible, and the long run is defined as the period of time over which these input prices have time to adjust. The reasoning is that output prices (i.e. prices of products sold to consumers) are more flexible than input prices (i.e. prices of materials used to make more products) because the latter is more constrained by long-term contracts and social factors and such. In particular, wages are thought to be especially sticky in a downward direction since workers tend to get upset when an employer tries to reduce compensation, even when the economy overall is experiencing a downturn. The distinction between the short run and the long run in macroeconomics is important because many macroeconomic models conclude that the tools of monetary and fiscal policy have real effects on the economy (i.e. affect production and employment) only in the short run and, in the long run, only affect nominal variables such as prices and nominal interest rates and have no effect on real economic quantities.

A report for Real Coffee LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A report for Real Coffee LTD - Essay Example This paper aims to present the challenges that Real Coffee Ltd, a family business in Oxfordshire, has to face in order to secure its growth in the long term. Keeping its products at high quality and emphasizing on the quality of customer services have been considered as strategic priorities in Real Coffee Ltd. However, through the years the increase of competition has led to the need for the introduction of certain changes especially in regard to specific parts of the business, such as HR and marketing. These changes could be successfully implemented only if they were appropriately designed and supported by all members of the business. The trends that characterize the coffee shop industry in UK should be taken into consideration when developing such plan. The potential need of a transition period for alternating the existing strategy of the business should not be an obstacle for promoting change in Real Coffee Ltd. since the expected benefits would be significantly higher than the co sts and the risk involved. Part 1 – External Analysis 1.1 Analysis of the macro environment Social The high percentage of population in UK is between 25 and 54 years old (Index Mundi 2013); the specific part of the population represents the 41.2% of the country’s population. ... On the other hand, the rate of ageing of population in Britain is quite high. According to a recent report, during the last two decades the number of people under 65 in Britain has been significantly increased reaching today the 5 million (Independent 2013); existing trends showing the rapid ageing of Britain’s population, a phenomenon that is expected to be continued, at least in the near future (Independent 2013). Economic The economy of UK seems to keep its strength, despite pressures in markets worldwide. Indeed, from July to September of this year an increase of the country’s economic performance by 0.8% was reported, a fact that allows businesses across UK to make plans for growth (BBC News 2013). The above growth was combined with an increase of GDP in UK; this increase was estimated to 0.7%, for the period between April and June 2013 (BBC News 2013). Even if this growth was limited it, still, shows the potential of UK economy to secure its performance even durin g periods of global financial crisis. Indeed, during the third quarter of 2013 a further increase of UK’s GDP was achieved; the increase was estimated at 0.80% and indicates the stable growth of UK economy, a growth that is highly based on the development of the services sector which represents the 75% of the country’s economy (Trading Economics 2013). 1.2 Industry Analysis In order to understand the potentials of Real Coffee Ltd to achieve a stable growth it would be necessary to refer to the performance of coffee shops industry, as this performance is affected by the industry’s competitive forces. The coffee shops industry can be characterized as a key part of UK market; in fact, in 2012 the industry’s performance

Invention of the Email and Bank Secrecy Act Essay

Invention of the Email and Bank Secrecy Act - Essay Example Global communication has become indispensable in human society as it determines the relationship between people belonging to different nations and cultures. An important mode of communication is the email. It is an electronic method of transmitting messages from one part of the globe to another part in a matter of seconds. It was in 1978 when a 14-year-old boy Shiva Ayyadurai created the first email. Email has definitely brought a new dimension to human communication and interaction. Its impact is even more prominent in the business world with email becoming the most preferred mode of communication. There has been a rapid growth of its popularity since its inception and this has been proved by a survey conducted in February 1998 at an Institution of Information Scientists. According to the survey, 60 participants booked a place by e-mail while the others booked either on the phone or have used fax. In business today, email is the most common process of communication with clients and off-site staff (Hill, 2005, pp.93-94). Its major advantage is that it is password protected which means the information on email can be accessible only by its user. It also saves time since messages sent via email takes under a second to get transmitted to the target email. The Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) was first introduced in the year 1970 by Congress in the U.S. in order to protect the global financial system from money-related crimes like money laundering and terrorist financing. Money laundering is the method by which illegally earned money is circulated and integrated into the financial system so as to make it appear clean. Basically, it is a system by which money received from one (illegal) source is appeared to have been received from another (legitimate) source.  

Mental Health Illness and Stigma Literature Review

Mental Health Illness and Stigma Literature Review 1. Introduction 1.1 Mental illness and stigma Inequalities in health services delivery and utilization for people with mental illness has been widely documented.1 Subsequently this results in poorer outcomes for this population in regard to general health, such as circulatory diseases, mortality from natural causes, and access to interventions .2-4 Several issues have been identified as contributing to these disparities in health service access and delivery, including stigma.5-6Stigma associated with mental illness has been defined as negative attitudes formed on the basis of prejudice or misinformation that are triggered by markers of illness.1-5Illness markers include atypical behaviours, the types of medication prescribed and noticeable medication related adverse effects.5-7These markers allow for the continuation of stigma concerning people with mental illness, but they also allow community pharmacists to identify patients with a broad range of what are often unaddressed health related needs.1 Behavioural and mental disorder s are estimated to account for 12% of the global burden of diseases. Mental health related medications account for >10% of all medications prescribed by general medical practitioners8, therefore, it is an inescapable fact that community pharmacists must interact with patients suffering from mental health problems.9 Mental illness is relevant to practising pharmacists who can play vital roles in the treatment of patients with mental illness.10 Throughout the latter half of the previous century, the diagnosis and pharmacological treatment of mental illness improved radically.9 1990-2000 was proclaimed the Decade of the Brain. to promote the study of disorders of the brain, including mental illnesses.11 Despite these advances, the stigma associated with mental illness remains a compelling negative feature in society.10 Unfortunately health care professionals, including pharmacists are not invulnerable to such harmful attitudes.9 Pharmacists attitudes toward mental illness and the menta lly ill are extremely important because they can affect their professional interactions and clinical decisions.12-13 In addition, they could ultimately affect the delivery of pharmaceutical care which has been defined as the pharmacist assuming the responsibility for positive patient outcomes.14 Activities like medication counselling and monitoring of therapy have been documented to improve both satisfaction and adherence to drug therapy in patients with mental illness.15 It has been pointed out that pharmacists must become more involved in such activities for patients with mental illness.9 1.2 Optimising the use of medications for mental illness Community care offers many advantages over institutional care; however, it can place extra demands on family, friends and primary health care practitioners.16 Health professionals have identified people with mental illness as the most challenging patients to manage.8 The quality and accessibility of community care for people with mental illness needs to be improved.17 The appropriate use of medicines plays an imperative role in the effective management of mental illness, nonetheless, there is evidence that psychotropic medicines are often used inappropriately.18-19 Elderly people are especially susceptible to the effects of psychotropic medicines, and may experience adverse effects such as cardio toxicity, confusion and unwanted sedation .8 Contributing factors to the high rates of non-compliance to psychotropic medicines include, psychosocial problems, the emergence of side effects, and the delayed onset of action of anti-depressant medication.20-21 Medical co-morbidity is also comm on, and polypharmacy increases the risk of medication misuse and drug-drug interactions.22 The World Health Organisation (WHO) has indicated that the inclusion of pharmacists as active members of the health care team can improve psychotropic medication use.23 The benefits of dynamically engaging mental health service users in their own management is supported by both clinical experience and research evidence.24 A systemic review of the role of pharmacists in mental health care, published in 2003, concluded that pharmacists can bring about improvements in the safe and effective use of psychiatric medicines.23 The wide range of pharmaceutical services provided by community pharmacists are potentially well suited to assisting patients and prescribers optimise the use of medications for mental illness.8 2. Method 2.1 Literature search strategy Pubmed (1965-March 2010), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-March 2010), Embase (1974-March 2010), Cinahl (1981-March 2010) and Psychinfo (1972-March 2010) were searched using text words and MeSH headings including: community pharmacist.s, pharmacist.s, pharmaceutical care, pharmaceutical services, mental illness, mental disorders, stigma and mental illness, mentally ill persons, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorders, psychotropic drugs, antidepressive agents, benzodiazepines, anxiety agents and antipsychotic agents. ~550 abstracts were read. Reference lists of retrieved articles were checked for any additional relevant published material. Exclusion criteria included articles not published in English, no service provided by pharmacists, not relevant to mental illness, and studies and surveys that were carried out to evaluate pharmacist.s services in hospital inpatient or acute care settings. The literature search identified 88 papers that reporte d or discussed community pharmacist.s involvement in the care of patients with mental illness. 2.2 Inclusion criteria and review procedure For section 3.1 of the discussion, studies and surveys conducted into the attitudes of community pharmacists toward mental illness and the impact of stigma were considered. The literature review procedure for section 3.2 of the discussion, which deals with optimising the use of medication for mental illness, differed from that of 3.1, as studies without control groups, results of postal surveys and qualitative interviews were excluded. Studies with a parallel control group that reported the provision of services by community pharmacists in community and residential aged care facilities were considered. This included trials specifically conducted for individuals with a mental illness, and studies of medication reviews and education initiatives to optimise the use of medication for mental illness. Papers that reported pharmacist.s interventions in nursing homes were included, because community pharmacists frequently provide services to nursing homes. Studies of pharmacist.s activities as part of multi-disciplinary teams were also included. The literature search identified 57 papers that reported or discussed community pharmacy services to optimise the use of medications for mental illness. 3. Discussion 3.1 Mental illness and stigma While the views of the public9 and of certain health care professionals25 and health care students26-28 toward mental illness have been well documented over the years, there are limited numbers of investigations accessing community pharmacists and pharmacy student.s attitudes. Crimson et al.12 examined the attitudes of 250 baccalaureate pharmacy students toward mental illness, Phokeo et al.29 studied the outlook of 283 community pharmacists toward users of psychiatric medication, Cates et al.9 detailed the attitudes of community pharmacists toward both mental illness and the provision of pharmaceutical care to patients with mental illness, and Black et al.1 studied the satisfaction that patients with mental illness have with services provided by community pharmacists. 3.1.1 Community pharmacist.s attitudes toward patients with mental illness In general, pharmacists express positive, unprejudiced attitudes toward mental illness,1, 9, 29, 30 and overall they show encouraging attitudes toward the provision of pharmaceutical care.9 Phokeo et al.29 reported that pharmacists feel uncomfortable inquiring about a patient.s use of psychiatric medication and discussing symptoms of mental illness compared to the medication and symptoms associated with cardiovascular problems. Pharmacists also monitor patients with mental disorders for compliance and adverse effects less frequently than patients with cardiovascular problems. Crimson et al.12 found an association between a personal or family history of mental illness and attitudes of pharmacists toward mental illness. Age and years in practice are also connected with attitudes toward providing pharmaceutical care to patients with mental illness. The older and more experienced pharmacists have more encouraging responses than their counterparts.9Pharmacists are of the opinion, however, that patients with mental illness do not receive adequate information about their medication from their physicians. These patients may also receive less attention from pharmacists compared to medically ill patients, which raises concerns that their drug-related needs are not being met.29 3.1.2 Patient.s attitudes toward community pharmacists Consumers of mental health services generally have a positive perception of community pharmacists and their services, however, expectations are limited to standard pharmacy services, like providing patients with information about their medication and resolving prescription issues when dispensing medications.29 The majority of patients feel at ease while discussing their psychotropic medication and related illnesses with pharmacists.31 Clinically orientated services like working collaboratively with other health care providers, making dosing or treatment recommendations, monitoring response to treatment, and addressing the individuals physical and mental health needs have been found to be unavailable to patients.32 Patients with mental health problems, expectations of community pharmacists are low, and do not match the services that they can provide.33 Although stigma has been perceived to be similar with other health care professional, Black et al.1 revealed that 25% of patients with mental illness have experienced stigma at community pharmacies. 3.1.3 Substance misuse The prevalence of coexisting substance misuse and mental illness (dual diagnosis) has increased over the past decade, and the indications are that it will continue to do so.15 A patient with both a mental illness and a substance misuse problem can face prejudice and stigma from health care professionals, who might question the capacity of dually diagnosed individuals to respond to care.34 A Canadian survey into the attitudes of community pharmacist.s toward mental illness showed that only 55% of respondents agreed that substance misuse is a mental health problem. This finding reflects the perception that addiction represents poor self control or is a self inflicted problem.29 Over recent years, the capacity to intervene pharmacologically in substance misuse has increased greatly, pharmacotherapy is now available for opiate, alcohol and nicotine misuse.19 Some psychiatric patients with comorbid substance abuse achieve stabilisation rapidly, furthermore, severe mental illness does not necessarily predict worse outcomes.35 Socio-economic and emotional aspects are the main challenges to recovery, and case management in the context of integrated community and residential services has been shown to increase medication compliance over time.36 The contribution that community pharmacists have in the management of substance abuse has been well documented.37 Most general psychiatrists are only in the position to give patients 5-10 minutes of brief advise or intervention regarding a substance misuse problem,38 whereas community pharmacist.s are easily accessible to the public and are in a central position to provide specific advice about substance misuse.37 Community pharmacists currently provide dispensing services to drug addicts,38 and they are also the first point of contact for people misusing substances who are not in touch with the substance misuse services.39 3.1.4 Overcoming the barriers created by stigma Studies have indicated that patients prefer to go to the same pharmacy for their medication and other pharmacy needs and a significant number of patients favour to interact with the same pharmacist, which suggests that the relationship they have with their pharmacist plays an imperative role in their health and well being.1 A lack of privacy from failure to use an available private counselling room in the pharmacy contributes to patients feelings of discomfort regarding talking about their medication and their illness.31 Pharmacists are trained to educate and support patients regarding psychotropic medications, including how a drug works, monitoring for treatment response and adverse effects, and guiding patients through the process of stopping treatment, however, there are inconsistencies in the provision of these services.29 The potential for discrimination and stigma in community pharmacies has been well documented and initiatives to improve exposure of pharmacists to persons with mental illnesses in practice and in training has been suggested.23, 29 Pharmacists experience an increased level of discomfort in this therapeutic area as they receive inadequate undergraduate training in mental health.9 Adequate training in mental health is needed to improve the professional interactions of community pharmacists toward users of psychiatric medication.1 3.2 Optimising the use of medications for mental illness Community pharmacists are one of the primary health care providers in the community and have the opportunity to influence patient.s perception of their mental illness. Patients are far less likely to adhere to medications for mental health problems outside the hospital setting. Community pharmacists can significantly contribute to optimising medication use in mental illness through counselling, 40-42 patient education and treatment monitoring, 43-36 medication review services, 30, 47-49 pharmacotherapy meetings with general medical practitioners, 50-54 delivering services to community mental health centres and outpatient clinics,55-57 improving the transfer of information between health care settings,58-60 and being active members of community mental health teams.61-63 3.2.1 Counselling services In the Netherlands, three studies were carried out to highlight the impact of community pharmacist.s medication counselling sessions for people commencing non-tricyclic antidepressant therapy.40, 42 Intervention patients participated in three consecutive counselling sessions which lasted between 10 and 20 minutes each. They also received a take-home video that reiterated the importance of adherence. Throughout the counselling session, pharmacists informed patients about the appropriate use of their medications, which included, providing information about the benefits of taking the medication, informing patients about potential side effects, informing patients about the onset of action for antidepressant medication and explaining the crucial importance of taking their medication on a daily basis. Medication compliance was measured using an electronic pill container that recorded the time and frequency that the cover was opened.41 At the three month follow up the intervention patients had significantly more positive attitudes compared to the controls.40 At six months greater medication compliance was observed with the intervention patients that remained in the study25 55, also apparent improvements in symptoms were noted.41 Research on adherence shows that the patient.s knowledge and beliefs about the benefits of adhering to their medication regime plays a critical role in compliance.64 Non-adherence is not an irrational act but rather a product of poor communication.65 Patient compliance to health care recommendations is more likely when communication is optimal.66 The results of these studies indicated improvements in depressive symptoms,41 more positive attitudes,40 and better compliance to their medication.42 A limitation of this method was that the same pharmacist provided counselling services to both the intervention and the control group. As the intervention studied was multifactorial, it is inconclusive whether the three face-to-face counselling sessions or the take home video were primarily responsible for changes in drug attitude, adherence and the symptom scores.40-42 3.2.2 Patient education and treatment monitoring Four studies have reported results from pharmacist conducted patient education and treatment monitoring services for people prescribed antidepressant medications in the United States.43-46 These services involved the pharmacist taking a medication history, providing information about the prescribed antidepressant medications, and conducting telephone and face-to-face follow-ups. In two of the investigations, one of which was controled43 and the other randomised controlled, 62 medication adherence was calculated by reviewing prescription dispensing data, and reported using an intention-to-treat analysis. Both studies also demonstrated that involvement of the pharmacist was associated with a decrease in the number of visits to other primary health care providers; however, statistical significance was only achieved in one of the studies. Improved adherence to antidepressant medication was reported in both studies, 43-44 although patient satisfaction was only evident in one.44 The other two studies were randomised controlled.45-46 One of the studies was conducted using a self administered health survey,45 while in the other study antidepressant adherence was measured by asking patients how many times a day they took their medication in the past month. The results obtained from these investigations45-46 showed that patients who were taking their medication at the six month follow-up exhibited better antidepressant compliance and improved symptoms. However, antidepressant adherence and depression symptoms scores were similar for both the intervention and control group.46 Given the high rates of antidepressant discontinuation during the first three months of treatment, pharmacists have a potentially crucial role in providing medicines information and conducting treatment monitoring for those patients at high risk of non-compliance. Studies need to be conducted to compare outcomes of pharmacist.s treatment monitoring of people commencing antidepressant medication and o ther health professionals monitoring.8 An investigation into the impact of nurses treatment monitoring, also demonstrated improved medication adherence.67 3.2.3 Medication management reviews Pharmacist conducted medication management reviews are crucial in identifying potential medication related problems among people taking medications for mental illness.8 Medication review services provided by pharmacists comprise of comprehensive medication history taking, patient home interviews, medication regimen reviews, and patient education.68 A randomised controlled study of pharmacist conducted domiciliary medication reviews was carried out in the United States. The patients involved in the study were individuals living independently in the community that were identified to be at high risk of medication misadventure. The results showed a significant decline in the in the overall numbers and monthly costs of medication, however, there was no major difference in cognitive or affective functioning between the intervention and control group. The majority of patients were unwilling to follow the pharmacist.s recommendations to discontinue benzodiazepines and narcotic analgesics.47 The great potential of pharmacist conducted medication reviews for people with mental illness may not be limited to optimising the use of mental health medication.8 Physical health care for people with mental illness is generally less than adequate. This is caused by the tendency among health professionals to focus solely on the management of the mental illness among people with both mental and physical illnesses. Pharmacist conducted medication reviews may be a comprehensive strategy to improve medication use for both mental and physical illness.68 3.2.4 Medication management reviews in nursing homes Older people who are cared for in nursing homes are arguably the most vulnerable patient group, and the useful contribution that pharmacists can make to the care of these patients has been documented.30 Older people are particularly sensitive to the effects of medication,69 regular use of psychotropic medication is associated with an increased risk of recurrent falls,70 and also long term usage is linked with tardive dyskinesia.71 Psychotropic medication use may also be connected with an increased rate of cognitive decline in dementia.72 The beneficial effects of psychotropic medication must be balanced against extrapyramidal and other side effects.73 In 1995 it was reported that psychotropic drug use in Australian nursing homes was 59%, although this figure has fallen in recent years.74 In Ireland, 19% of older people in nursing homes were reported to be taking phenothiazines,75 however, this figure is lower now following a tightening of the licensing indications of thiordazine. In the England, a study showed that 30% of residents in nursing homes were taking antipsychotics.76 Two studies have looked at the appropriateness of psychotropic medication prescribing in the United Kingdom. In Scotland antipsychotic medication use in nursing homes is 24%, it was found that 88% of these prescriptions were inappropriate if the United States criteria for use were applied. In England, 54% of prescriptions were found to be inappropriate according to the United States criteria.77 A study conducted in Denmark suggested that behavioural problems were a determinant for the use of antipsychotics and benzodiazepines, irrespective of the psychiatri c diagnosis of the resident.78 A randomised controlled study of pharmacist-led multidisciplinary initiative to optimise prescribing in 15 Swedish nursing homes was carried out. The study involved pharmacists participating in multidisciplinary team meetings with nurses and physicians at regular intervals within a 12 month period. A significant decline in the use of antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and antidepressants by 19%, 37% and 59%, respectively was observed in the intervention facilities.79 A follow-up investigation of the same intervention and control facilities three years later indicated that the intervention facilities maintained a significantly higher quality of drug use, with far fewer residents being prescribed more than three drugs that could lead to confusion, not-recommended hypnotics and combinations of interacting drugs.48 An additional randomised controlled study showed that pharmacist.s medication reviews in residential care facilities demonstrated significant reductions in the number and cost of medications prescribed. 10.2% fewer residents were administered psychoactive medications and 21.3% fewer hypnotic medications. The impact of medication reviews on mortality was also measured and a noteworthy reduction was observed.49 One study indicated that one hour per week of a pharmacist.s time can make a significant contribution to patient care in nursing homes. It was found that this input was well received by nursing staff and prescribers and that general medical practitioners accepted the pharmacist.s advice in 78% of cases.30 Physician.s recognition was 91% in south Manchester, where 55% of interventions resulted in treatment modifications. Community pharmacist.s in Northamptonshire analysed prescriptions of nursing home residents and provided prescribing advice to general medical practitioners. The advice was accepted in 73% of cases and it was estimated that pharmacist involvement could give a 14% reduction in the cost of prescribing.69 A randomised controlled trial in 1 4 nursing homes in England showed that a brief medication review reduced the quantity of medication overall with no detriment to the mental and physical functioning of the patients.58 A reduction in the use of primary and secondary care resources by pharmacist medication review services has also been shown.80 The recommendations provided by pharmacists included stopping and starting medicines, generic substitution, switching to another medicine, dose modification, changes in administration frequency, formulation change and requests for laboratory tests or nurse monitoring.30 Almost 50% of the recommendations were to stop medication and 66% of these were due to the fact that there was no indication for the drug prescribed. This suggested that medication regimes were not reviewed. Conversely, initiation of a new drug made up 8% of recommendations, which implied that indications were present but not always treated76. Pharmacists have an important part to play in multi-disciplinary heal th teams and they must be integrated into any proposed models of care. Nursing home residents are a vulnerable group of patients who deserve the same high-quality clinical care as people of any age living at home.30 3.2.4 Pharmacotherapy interventions to optimise prescribing Pharmacist.s educational visits to general medical practitioners have been shown to modify prescribing behaviour.54 Four studies have evaluated the impact of pharmacists educational visits to general medical practitioners to optimise the prescribing of benzodiazepines and other psychotropic medications prescribed for mental illness,50-53 two of which showed positive results.52-53 A cluster randomised controlled study carried out in the United States found that pharmacists educational visits to general medical practitioners were associated with a significant decline in the prescribing of potentially inappropriate psychotropic medications in intervention facilities.53 An Australian study of educational visits to general medical practitioners, conducted by three physicians and one pharmacist resulted in a noteworthy decline in the prescribing of benzodiazepines.52 In the Netherlands, groups of local pharmacists and general medical practitioners conduct inter-professional meetings to optimise prescribing. These pharmacotherapy meetings are undertaken as part of routine clinical practice. A cluster randomised study of pharmacotherapy meetings to discuss prescribing of antidepressant medications resulted in a 40% reduction in the prescribing of highly anticholinergic antidepressants, compared to a control group of practitioners that did not partake in these meetings39. The possible awareness of prescribing related issues generated by asking general medical practitioners to conduct a self-audit of their prescribing caused this overall reduction.52-53 Additionally, pharmacist.s initiatives to improve prescribing are most effective when both pharmacists and general medical practitioners have an opportunity to build rapport.39 3.2.5 Community mental health centres and outpatients clinics Two studies were carried out to investigate the effect of pharmacist delivered services to community mental health centres and outpatient.s clinics.56-57 In a controlled trial, pharmacists managed patient cases in a community mental health centre in the United States. Significantly better personal adjustment scores were observed from patients receiving case management from a pharmacist in comparison to those receiving it from a nurse, social worker or psychologist.56The patients also rated themselves as healthier and were considerably less likely to seek help from other health care providers. The medication service provided allowed the pharmacist to adjust medication doses and dose timing, and prescribe or discontinue medications under supervision. The cost effectiveness of incorporating a pharmacist as part of the health care team was also measured. It was estimated that a 60% cost reduction can be achieved when medication monitoring is conducted by a pharmacists instead of a clinic psychiatrist. The pharmacist also performed more medication monitoring of patients per month than the clinic psychiatrist and had more contact with each individual patient .56 In Malaysia, a study of patients discharged from hospital after admission for relapse of schizophrenia, who were identified as having poor medication adherence were allocated to receive pharmacist medication counselling or standard care.57 The importance of compliance to medication was also reinforced by the patient.s psychiatrists at follow up visits. At the 12 month follow-up, patients receiving counselling from a pharmacist and who were exposed to daily or twice daily medication treatments, had significantly fewer relapses that required hospitalisation than patients receiving standard care.57 3.2.6 Integrated mental health services The needs of people with recurrent, severe mental illness fluctuate over time and services must be coordinated, and be able to anticipate, prevent and respond to crisis. Integrated mental health services across primary and specialist services should promote early interaction and allow the provision of continuous care to meet patients needs.58 Prescribed medication is an important component in the successful management of mental illness. Accurate information should be transferred seamlessly between primary and secondary sectors to ensure the optimum care of these patients.59 The simple delivery of information to community pharmacists regarding drugs prescribed at discharge enables comparison with general medical practitioners prescriptions and any discrepancies can be followed up and resolved.82 Discrepancies that may occur can be described as any changes observed between supplies of prescribed drugs, including a wide spectrum of observed events.83 These can range from simple changes between supplies of prescribed drugs to more complex errors that might result in adverse reactions.60 This information transfer enables a cost-effective reduction in all unintentional discrepancies, including those judged to have significant adverse effects on patient care.58 An investigation that evaluated the impact of providing mental health patients with a pharmacist generated medication care plan at the time of discharge found that patients with care plans were less likely to be readmitted to hospital than those without. Information contained in the care plan included l ists of discharge medications, a summary of the patient education that was provided, and the potential adverse effects that need to be assessed. Community pharmacists who received copies of the care plan were also more likely to identify medication related problems for the discharged mental health patients than those pharmacists who were not provided with copies of the care plan, however, the results from this study are not significantly significant.57Other methods of transferring information such as electronic transfer have the potential to be of value in this patient population.84 People with mental illness have complex needs which are not recognised by organised boundaries.58When discussing discharge and after-care in the community, medication management must be prioritised.85Mentally ill patients are vulnerable and medication is a vital part of their well being. It is therefore essential that an accurate transfer of information between care settings minimises the potentially har mful discrepancies that can occur. Community pharmacist.s interaction in this area could prevent such incidents.58 3.2.7 Community mental health teams Most people with bipolar mood disorders and psychotic illnesses in the United Kingdom and Australia are managed by interdisciplinary community mental health teams (CMHTs).86 The potential benefits of greater involvement by pharmacists in CMHTs have been documented and debated for over 30 years.87-90 The majority of clinical team meetings conducted by CMHTs do not involve a pharmacist. A review of CMHTs in New South Wales found that just 1 in 5 had a designated pharmacist.91 Pharmaceutical care programs provided by phar